What does the term "germination" refer to?

The term "germination" specifically refers to the process in which a seed develops into a new plant. This process begins when the seed absorbs water and swells, which activates the enzymes necessary for growth. As the seed takes in moisture, it begins to break down stored nutrients, allowing for the growth of the embryonic plant within the seed. Germination ultimately leads to the emergence of a seedling as it breaks through the soil surface, marking the beginning of its life as a new plant.

In contrast, other processes mentioned in the choices are distinct and do not pertain to the concept of germination. Nutrient absorption occurs after germination, when the plant relies on its root system to take in water and nutrients from the soil. Pollination is a reproductive process involving the transfer of pollen from the male parts of a flower to the female parts, essential for seed production but unrelated to the germination of seeds. Pruning involves the trimming or cutting back of plants to encourage healthy growth or shape, which is unrelated to the initial development of a plant from a seed. Thus, understanding that germination is the foundational stage of a plant's life cycle is crucial in horticulture.